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Since then, nothing new has been reported about new particles or new facts obtained in relation to those reported, and there are still unanswered questions about the fundamental constituents of the universe, such as the identity of dark matter, a mysterious "substance" that binds galaxies together and makes up 27% of the mass of the cosmos. We know that dark matter must exist because we have astronomical observations of its gravitational effects, but since the discovery of the Higgs boson, the LHC has detected no new particles, dark matter or otherwise, despite having nearly doubled its collisional energy and quintupled the amount of data it can collect.
The Standard Model separates the fundamental particles into two types: fermions and bosons. Fermions are the building blocks of matter: two types of fermions called up and down quarks, for example, coalesce into protons and neutrons. If these bound protons and neutrons find an electron (or electrons) to orbit them, they become an atom. Bosons, on the other hand, are the mortar between these bricks: in addition to gravity, bosons are responsible for all the fundamental forces: electromagnetism, the weak force, which is involved in radioactive decay, and the strong force, which binds nuclei together. To transmit a force between one fermion and another, there must be a boson acting as a messenger. For example, quarks feel the attractive power of the strong force because they send and receive bosons called gluons.
The more new particles that are found, the narrower the field of refinement of the model and the more it will lead to a new place in a future picture that we could call the "Standard Model Plus". It could explain the small mass of the almost invisible neutrinos, the dominance of matter over antimatter and the characteristics of dark matter and dark energy. Only the theory of gravity, which would require a completely new approach, would remain to be addressed. Not to mention the aspired link between the quantum and gravitational scales: that unified theory of the Universe which, if found one day, would form the ultimate "Supermodel".
Peter Higgs, who proposed the existence of the boson, which was confirmed in 2012, died on 8 April at the age of 94 in Edinburgh. He was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics for that theory, which was confirmed almost five decades later. Higgs was joined by Belgian physicists François Englert and Robert Brout, who had put forward the same idea, although the latter has since died.